THE INVENTION OF THE TELEGRAPH BY SAMUEL MORSE

 The telegraph is a device for communicating over a distance. It uses electricity to send coded messages through wires. In the middle of the 1800s the telegraph was the fastest way to communicate over long distances.

An  American artist and inventor named Samuel F.B. Morse created Morse Code in the 1830s. Before his invention, an important message could take weeks to reach its destination. 

Morse Code and the telegraph allowed people to receive information sent from far away in just minutes. Newspapers, railroads, and businesses used the code and the telegraph to send news quickly from one city to another.

Morse Code uses dots, dashes, and spaces to represent letters, punctuation, and numbers. The symbols are arranged to spell out a message. A telegraph converts the symbols into electrical signals and sends them across a wire to their destination. The signals are then converted back into the message by the telegraph that receives them.

Here you have a video that explains the invention of the Morse Code.

FORCES: PUSH AND PULL; CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT; MAGNETISM; GRAVITY, WEIGHT AND UPTHRUST

 This term we have begun learning about FORCES. 

There are two basic forces that make things move or stand still: PUSH and PULL.

 Here you have a very simple video that explains them easily.

We have also learnt that there are two types of forces: CONTACT and NON-CONTACT forces. In the following video you can learn more about forces, work and energy with the help of Dr Binocs. 

We have also studied two non-contact forces: GRAVITY and MAGNETISM.

Magnets are objects that attract or repel other objects that contain iron or steel. Here you have another video by Dr Binocs explaining magnetism

Gravity is a pull force noticeable with very large objects such as planets. Watch the following video to learn more.

The first person to talk about this force was Isaac Newton, a scientist and mathematician that explained many laws in Nature. Here you have a video about him.

Gravity is related to mass and weight. 

We already know that mass is the amount of matter in an object and we measure it in kilograms (kg) or grams (g). But weight is a force that depends  on the mass an object has and also on gravity. Here is the formula:

 

Weight = mass x gravity 

We measure weight in newtons (N). 

I hope this simple video will help you to understand these concepts.

Finally, we are going to talk about a contact force applied by water and air: UPTHRUST. This force pushes objects in air and water up. So it is opposite to gravity.

 The upthrust depends on the mass and the volume the object has that is why some objects float and some others sink. 

An ancient Greek scientist called Archimedes discovered this upthrust force more than 2,000 years ago while having a bath. Here you have a video that explains this easily. 

MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

 In Natural Science we are learning about MATTER.

We already know that matter is everything around us, that is, everything around us is made of matter.

Matter has some properties that define it: volume, mass and density.

We can measure volume (㎤), mass (g) and density (g/㎤).

 Matter can be in any of the three states we know: solid, liquid or gas.

Watch these videos and find out more!!!

In this last video you can sing and have fun with the Measuring Matter Song

HEALTH AND MEDICINE

 In Natural Science we are becoming familiar with  medicine discoveries to help people not to get ill or to cure them once they are ill.

Though there are many scientists and many discoveries, we are going to see some general ideas through some easy videos.

 I hope you like them and you learn a little bit more apart from the contents in your book.

We all know that vaccines are necessary and help us prevent very serious illnesses caused by virus. The first vaccine was discovered in 1796 by Edward Jenner. Here you have two videos in connection with the origin of vaccines and how they work.

We are also learning a little bit about antibiotics that help us cure infections caused by bacteria.

The first antibiotic to be discovered was penicillin. Penicillin was discovered not so long ago, in 1928, by Alexander Fleming.

In the first video you are going to find out a little bit about Alexander Fleming and his discovery. In the second video you will learn something about how antibiotics work.

INTERACTION: THE SENSES, THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

 In connection with the life process of interaction we have reviewed our 5 senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch). We studied them thoroughly last year, but here you have an interesting video about the organs of sight: our eyes.I hope you find it interesting.

About the nervous system there is so much to be said that I have chosen three videos for you to have a general view. I hope you learn a little bit more.

The last, but not least in connection, is our locomotor system that we studied also last year and we study in Physical Education as well. I also found an interesting video about our skeleton. 

NUTRITION: THE CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

 Continuing with the life process of nutrition, this week we learnt about the circulatory system, a system that transports nutrients and oxygen around our body.

Here you have the two videos so that you can improve your knowledge.

Next, we are going to learn about the respiratory system.

The respiratory system is another of the systems in connection with the life process of nutrition.

The respiratory system gets oxygen from the air and expels carbon dioxide. All our organs and cells need energy to provide energy to our body.

Here you have some videos to watch and learn more about the respiratory system.

HUMAN NUTRITION: DIGESTIVE AND EXCRETORY SYSTEMS

 In connection with the three vital processes of living things, we are learning about the different systems that are related to nutrition in the human body . 

The first one we are investigating is the digestive system and, of course, digestion. 

Here you have two videos with extra information to help you learn more.

Related to digestion, we are reviewing the excretory system so important to keep us healthy. Here there are another two videos for you to understand better the process of urination.

NUTRITION (PHOTOSYNTHESIS) AND RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

 In Natural Science, we learned more things about  the nutrition and respiration of plants. 

Plants make their own food, they are PRODUCERS. In contrast, animals and fungi are CONSUMERS, they eat other living things. 

Plants not only make their own food, but they also produce oxygen that send out to the atmosphere. This process is called PHOTOSYNTHESIS. And we know that photosynthesis is vital for life on Earth.

Here you have a video to better understand this process.

But plants are living things and so they also need oxygen. The process in which they take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide is called RESPIRATION.

Here you have the video we watched in class.

ANIMAL NUTRITION

 We already know that nutrition is a vital function of all living things. 

According to their nutrition animals can be divided into three groups: herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.

In this video you can learn things about these three types of animals. 

Enjoy and learn!

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM: INVERTEBRATES AND VERTEBRATES

In Natural Science we continue learning new things about living things and we learned about the Animal Kingdom.

The Animal Kingdom is divided into two main groups: Invertebrates and Vertebrates.

Learn more about this classification with this video.

We began with Invertebrates and here you have the two videos that we have seen at school. 

The first one is about earthworms, those invertebrates that are so beneficial for the soil. The second one is a general one about invertebrates.

 

But we have also reviewed Vertebrates and their classification. You can watch this video about them

LIFE PROCESSES OR VITAL FUNCTIONS

 We have learned that living things carry out three vital functions: nutrition, interaction and reproduction.

Here you have a video that may help you learn a bit more about these life processes or vital functions. Enjoy, it's real life!!!

MIXTURES AND PURE SUBSTANCES

 In Natural Science we also learned about PURE SUBSTANCES (only one component) and MIXTURES (two or more substances together).

There are two kinds of mixtures:

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES: We can't see the substances separately. Example: a lemonade.

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES: We can see the substances separately. Example: a salad.

Here you have a short video that explains all these in a very simple way. Please, watch it to learn more.

MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

 We already know that matter is everything around us including ourselves.

Matter can be in three different states: solid, liquid and gas. 

But it can also change from one state to another: solidification or freezing, melting, evaporation, and condensation.

In the following videos you can review all this content.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND EXCRETORY SYSTEM

 In Natural Science we learned about these two systems: 

* digestive system 

* excretory system

In these videos you can practice English but you can also remember and learn more about them.

Hope you enjoy them!

 

THE CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

We already know that the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM is like a transport system whose engine is our heart.

Here you have three simple videos about the circulatory system where you can learn more things and practise some English.

Hope you like them!

We have also learned about the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM which gets the oxygen we need and expels the carbon dioxide we don't.

Here you have another video to learn more and continue practising English.

In Mindfulness we have seen how important breathing is. So here you have a video where you can breathe and relax with belly breathing.

OUR FIVE SENSES AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

In Natural Science we are learning about the five senses and the nervous system that work together with the locomotor system in the life process of INTERACTION.

Every living thing has three vital functions: INTERACTION, NUTRITION AND REPRODUCTION.

Here you have an interesting video about those three vital functions.

Let's begin with the 5 senses: SIGHT, HEARING, SMELL, TASTE and TOUCH which allow us to recognise what is happening around us.

If you want to learn a little bit more and practise some English, I invite you to watch these videos about each of our five senses. There are some fun and interesting facts!!!

SIGHT

HEARING

SMELL

TASTE

TOUCH

We have also learnt that the NERVOUS SYSTEM is made up of the BRAIN, the SPINAL CORD and the NERVES.

You can now learn more by watching these simple videos with extra information and interesting facts.

I hope you enjoy learning with these videos!!!

THE PLANT KINGDOM

In Natural Science we have learnt about plants: their parts, their classification, their nutrition and their reproduction.

Here you have some videos to review and learn a little bit more.

 Hope you like them!!!

PARTS OF A PLAN

THE PLANT KINGDOM: CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION

NUTRITION: THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

REPRODUCTION: POLLINATION AND PARTS OF THE FLOWER

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM: INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS

 We all know that invertebrate animals are those that don't have a backbone.

 Invertebrates are the largest group and they can be divided into different groups.

This course we are learning about three groups: worms, molluscs and arthropods.

Here I am going to show you some videos so that you can learn more.

I hope you  enjoy them!

INVERTEBRATE GROUPS

WORMS

MOLLUSCS

ARTHROPODS

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM: VERTEBRATE GROUPS

In Natural Science we are learning about animals.

We already know that animals are living things and we can classify them into two big groups: vertebrate and invertebrate animals.

Watch this video to learn more and have fun!

Let's begin with vertebrate animals. We all know that vertebrate animals have a backbone and can be classify into 5 groups: mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians.

Here you can watch videos of each group to learn more. But watch one at a time!!!

MAMMALS

BIRDS

FISH

REPTILES

AMPHIBIANS

THE INVENTION OF THE TELEGRAPH

This week we are all going to send a message from our class to our neighbouring class with the help of Elena, Irati's mum. Thank you Elena!!!

The machine we are going to use is the telegraph. Here you have some information to learn more about this great invention of communication.

The telegraph is a device for communicating over a distance. It uses electricity to send coded messages through wires. In the middle of the 1800s the telegraph was the fastest way to communicate over long distances.

An  American artist and inventor named Samuel F.B. Morse created Morse Code in the 1830s. Before his invention, an important message could take weeks to reach its destination. Morse Code and the telegraph allowed people to receive information sent from far away in just minutes. Newspapers, railroads, and businesses used the code and the telegraph to send news quickly from one city to another.

Morse Code uses dots, dashes, and spaces to represent letters, punctuation, and numbers. The symbols are arranged to spell out a message. A telegraph converts the symbols into electrical signals and sends them across a wire to their destination. The signals are then converted back into the message by the telegraph that receives them.

Here you have two videos. The first one explains the invention of the Morse Code and the second one is a song to learn easy the Morse alphabet.