The telegraphis a device for communicating over a distance. It uses electricity to send coded messages through wires. In the middle of the 1800s the telegraph was the fastest way to communicate over long distances.
An American artist and inventor named Samuel F.B. Morse created Morse Code in the 1830s. Before his invention, an important message could take weeks to reach its destination.
Morse Code and the telegraph allowed people to receive information sent from far away in just minutes. Newspapers, railroads, and businesses used the code and the telegraph to send news quickly from one city to another.
Morse Code uses dots, dashes, and spaces to represent letters, punctuation, and numbers. The symbols are arranged to spell out a message. A telegraphconverts the symbols into electrical signals and sends them across a wire to their destination. The signals are then converted back into the message by the telegraph that receives them.
Here you have a video that explains the invention of the Morse Code.
We are almost ending the school year and in Social Science we are learning History. To be precise we are learning about the things than happened here on the Iberian Peninsula.
We all know that we were Celtiberians but apart from that we have met the different people that came to the peninsula like the Greeks, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians.
In the following video you can remember the differences between all the people living here thousands of years ago.
As the Celts were very good metal workers and warriors, many other people came to look for metals but some came also to trade and they decided to stay and form some colonies. The next video explains very well who those people were and where they came from.
The last of these people to come were the Romans but they came to stay and we began to be part of the Roman Empire. The following video explains very nicely how this happened. The Roman Conquest of Hispania
And finally, to understand this huge empire, the Roman Empire, I invite you to watch the following video about them.
I hope all these videos help you understand and learn our Social Science last lesson!!!
There are two basic forces that make things move or stand still:PUSH and PULL.
Here you have a very simple video that explains them easily.
We have also learnt that there are two types of forces: CONTACT and NON-CONTACTforces. In the following video you can learn more about forces, work and energy with the help of Dr Binocs.
We have also studied two non-contact forces: GRAVITY and MAGNETISM.
Magnets are objects that attract or repel other objects that contain iron or steel. Here you have another video by Dr Binocs explaining magnetism
Gravity is a pull force noticeable with very large objects such as planets. Watch the following video to learn more.
The first person to talk about this force was Isaac Newton, a scientist and mathematician that explained many laws in Nature. Here you have a video about him.
Gravity is related to mass andweight.
We already know that mass is the amount of matter in an object and we measure it in kilograms (kg) or grams (g). But weight is a force that depends on the mass an object has and also on gravity. Here is the formula:
Weight = mass x gravity
We measure weight innewtons (N).
I hope this simple video will help you to understand these concepts.
Finally, we are going to talk about a contactforce applied by water and air: UPTHRUST. This force pushes objects in air and water up. So it is opposite to gravity.
The upthrust depends on the mass and the volume the object has that is why some objects float and some others sink.
An ancient Greek scientist called Archimedes discovered this upthrust force more than 2,000 years ago while having a bath. Here you have a video that explains this easily.
In Natural Science we are becoming familiar with medicine discoveries to help people not to get ill or to cure them once they are ill.
Though there are many scientists and many discoveries, we are going to see some general ideas through some easy videos.
I hope you like them and you learn a little bit more apart from the contents in your book.
We all know that vaccines are necessary and help us prevent very serious illnesses caused by virus. The first vaccine was discovered in 1796 by Edward Jenner. Here you have two videos in connection with the origin of vaccines and how they work.
We are also learning a little bit about antibiotics that help us cure infections caused by bacteria.
The first antibiotic to be discovered was penicillin. Penicillin was discovered not so long ago, in 1928, by Alexander Fleming.
In the first video you are going to find out a little bit about Alexander Fleming and his discovery. In the second video you will learn something about how antibiotics work.
In connection with the life process of interaction we have reviewed our 5 senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch). We studied them thoroughly last year, but here you have an interesting video about the organs of sight: our eyes.I hope you find it interesting.
About thenervous systemthere is so much to be said that I have chosen three videos for you to have a general view. I hope you learn a little bit more.
The last, but not least in connection, is our locomotor system that we studied also last year and we study in Physical Education as well. I also found an interesting video about our skeleton.
Continuing with the life process of nutrition, this week we learnt about the circulatory system, a system that transports nutrients and oxygen around our body.
Here you have the two videos so that you can improve your knowledge.
Next, we are going to learn about the respiratory system.
The respiratory system is another of the systems in connection with the life process of nutrition.
The respiratory system gets oxygen from the air and expels carbon dioxide. All our organs and cells need energy to provide energy to our body.
Here you have some videos to watch and learn more about the respiratory system.
In Social Science we are learning about the weather and climate.
The weather is so important that everyday we talk about it because the weather changes constantly. Now we know that it depends on four elements: temperature, wind, humidity and precipitation.
Climate is the average weather in an area over a long period of time.
I have chosen some videos for you to watch and learn more about the differences between them.
In connection with the three vital processes of living things, we are learning about the different systems that are related to nutrition in the human body .
The first one we are investigating is the digestive system and, of course, digestion.
Here you have two videos with extra information to help you learn more.
Related to digestion, we are reviewing the excretory system so important to keep us healthy. Here there are another two videos for you to understand better the process of urination.
In Natural Science, we learned more things about the nutrition and respiration of plants.
Plants make their own food, they are PRODUCERS. In contrast, animals and fungi are CONSUMERS, they eat other living things.
Plants not only make their own food, but they also produce oxygen that send out to the atmosphere. This process is calledPHOTOSYNTHESIS. And we know that photosynthesis is vital for life on Earth.
Here you have a video to better understand this process.
But plants are living things and so they also need oxygen. The process in which they take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide is called RESPIRATION.
Astronomy is that part of science that studies outer space focusing on stars, planets, comets, galaxies and so on.
We know that people started to study Astronomy as far back as in Ancient Mesopotamia. Civilisations such as Ancient Greeks, Romans or the Mayans also studied Astronomy. However all of these scientists had to observe space just with their eyes.
Aristotle, an ancient Greek astronomer, calculated that the Earth was not flat but a sphere. He observed that the Earth's shadow on the Moon was curved and that when a ship appeared on the horizon, we could see the top before the rest of the ship.
Copernicus was an astronomer that lived in the early 1500s. He came up with the idea that the Sun was the centre of the universe. This was a complete different believe from the idea that the Earth was the centre of the universe.
With the invention of the telescope in the early 1600s, scientists were able to see much further objects and were able also to have a better view of the Moon and the planets.
Galileo Galilei began to study Copernicus' work and felt that his observations of the planets were correct and that the Sun was the centre. This believe was really controversial at that time. Galileo heard of the invention of the telescope in Holland and he decided to build his own telescope. Soon Galileo's version of the telescope was used in all Europe.
Galileo made many discoveries using his telescope: the four large moons around Jupiter and the phases of the planet Venus. He also discovered sunspots and that the Moon was covered with craters. As Galileo studied the planets and the Sun he became convinced that the Earth and the other planets orbited the Sun. However the powerful Catholic Church considered his ideas heresy. At first, they sentenced him to life prison but later on they allowed him to live in his house under house arrest.
Since Galileo's time many discoveries have happened and Astronomy has advanced a great deal.
Men have landed on the Moon. We have great telescopes in the space to observe and investigate. The Hubble Space Telescope has been in space since April 1990 and it's helping us to understand space a little bit more.
Here you have a short video that explains this to you.
But last year in December 2021 an even more powerful space telescope was launched into space: the James Webb Space Telescope
Since 2000 astronauts have lived on the International Space Station (ISS) that takes 92 minutes to orbit the Earth. Pedro Duque the first Spanish astronaut to go into space tells us about life in the ISS.
Finally, Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 was awarded to two astronomers Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz for discovering an exoplanet orbiting a star. That means that right now there are many astronomers looking for planets orbiting stars that have water, liquid water. Astronomy is fascinating, isn't it?
